Tobacco use has long been associated with
serious public health problems such as hypertension, emphysema,
and cancer. The underlying cause, nicotine addiction,
has been recognized. However the search for pharmacological
treatment has been unsuccessful and consists mainly of
replacement therapy. Despite the availability of nicotine
patches and chewing gums, subjects relapse from nicotine
abstinence is significant.
Clarke et al. discovered that intrathecal injection
of a low dose nicotinic antagonist, chlorisondamine
(CHL), a bis-quaternary ammonium compound, could block
the effects of nicotine challenge in rats. The effect
was reported to last for month, if not permanently.
This chronic blockade was further explored. An epitope
was found on the alpha 2-nicotinic isoform of the neuronal
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor that would likely form
salt bridges with quaternary ammonium compounds and
a cation-pi interaction with the pi-cloud of an aromatic
ring. Chlorisondamine, a nicotinic antagonist, exerts
a long-lasting, if not permanent, blockade of the ion
channel gated by acetylcholine. Blocking of the ion
channel prevents nicotine from exerting its rewarding
effect on the CNS. Chlorisondamine contains two quaternary
ammonium groups and a tetrachloroisoindoline ring. We
propose that chlorisondamine interacts with an epitope
on the the alpha 2-isoform of the rat neuronal nicotinic
receptor (residues 388 - 402, GEREETEEEEEEEDE) where
one or both of the quaternary ammonium groups of chlorisondamine
form a salt bridge with either a glutamic acid side
chain or a phosphate group, while the tetrachlorobenzene
portion of the tetrachloroisoindoline ring interacts
with the guanidinium group of arginine in a cation-pi
association. In this work, a new way of probing the
interaction of a receptor epitope (alpha 2) with organic
molecules (chlorisondamine and hexachlorobenzene) was
undertaken using matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization
mass spectrometry. |