| Tobacco use has long been associated with 
                        serious public health problems such as hypertension, emphysema, 
                        and cancer. The underlying cause, nicotine addiction, 
                        has been recognized. However the search for pharmacological 
                        treatment has been unsuccessful and consists mainly of 
                        replacement therapy. Despite the availability of nicotine 
                        patches and chewing gums, subjects relapse from nicotine 
                        abstinence is significant.  Clarke et al. discovered that intrathecal injection 
                          of a low dose nicotinic antagonist, chlorisondamine 
                          (CHL), a bis-quaternary ammonium compound, could block 
                          the effects of nicotine challenge in rats. The effect 
                          was reported to last for month, if not permanently. 
                          This chronic blockade was further explored. An epitope 
                          was found on the alpha 2-nicotinic isoform of the neuronal 
                          nicotinic acetylcholine receptor that would likely form 
                          salt bridges with quaternary ammonium compounds and 
                          a cation-pi interaction with the pi-cloud of an aromatic 
                          ring. Chlorisondamine, a nicotinic antagonist, exerts 
                          a long-lasting, if not permanent, blockade of the ion 
                          channel gated by acetylcholine. Blocking of the ion 
                          channel prevents nicotine from exerting its rewarding 
                          effect on the CNS. Chlorisondamine contains two quaternary 
                          ammonium groups and a tetrachloroisoindoline ring. We 
                          propose that chlorisondamine interacts with an epitope 
                          on the the alpha 2-isoform of the rat neuronal nicotinic 
                          receptor (residues 388 - 402, GEREETEEEEEEEDE) where 
                          one or both of the quaternary ammonium groups of chlorisondamine 
                          form a salt bridge with either a glutamic acid side 
                          chain or a phosphate group, while the tetrachlorobenzene 
                          portion of the tetrachloroisoindoline ring interacts 
                          with the guanidinium group of arginine in a cation-pi 
                          association. In this work, a new way of probing the 
                          interaction of a receptor epitope (alpha 2) with organic 
                          molecules (chlorisondamine and hexachlorobenzene) was 
                          undertaken using matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization 
                          mass spectrometry.  |